Malaria vectors resistance to insecticides in Benin: current trends and mechanisms involved
Identifieur interne : 000131 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000130; suivant : 000132Malaria vectors resistance to insecticides in Benin: current trends and mechanisms involved
Auteurs : Virgile Gnanguenon [Bénin] ; Fiacre R. Agossa [Bénin] ; Kefilath Badirou [Bénin] ; Renaud Govoetchan [Bénin] ; Rodrigue Anagonou [Bénin] ; Fredéric Oke-Agbo [Bénin] ; Roseric Azondekon [Bénin] ; Ramziath Agbanrinyoussouf [Bénin] ; Roseline Attolou [Bénin] ; Filemon T. Tokponnon [Bénin] ; Rock Aïkpon [Bénin] ; Razaki Ossè [Bénin] ; Martin C. Akogbeto [Bénin]Source :
- Parasites & Vectors [ 1756-3305 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Insecticides are widely used to control malaria vectors and have significantly contributed to the reduction of malaria-caused mortality. In addition, the same classes of insecticides were widely introduced and used in agriculture in Benin since 1980s. These factors probably contributed to the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations reported in several localities in Benin. This insecticide resistance represents a threat to vector control tool and should be monitored. The present study reveals observed insecticide resistance trends in Benin to help for a better management of insecticide resistance.
Mosquito larvae were collected in eight sites and reared in laboratory. Bioassays were conducted on the adult mosquitoes upon the four types of insecticide currently used in public health in Benin. Knock-down resistance, insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 resistance, and metabolic resistance analysis were performed in the mosquito populations based on molecular and biochemical analysis. The data were mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) with Arcgis software.
Mortalities observed with Deltamethrin (pyrethroid class) were less than 90% in 5 locations, between 90-97% in 2 locations, and over 98% in one location. Bendiocarb (carbamate class) showed mortalities ranged 90-97% in 2 locations and were over 98% in the others locations. A complete susceptibility to Pirimiphos methyl and Fenitrothion (organophosphate class) was observed in all locations with 98-100% mortalities. Knock-down resistance frequencies were high (0.78-0.96) and similar between
This study showed a widespread resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroid previously located in southern Benin, an early emergence of carbamates resistance from northern Benin and a full susceptibility to organophosphates. Several resistance mechanisms were detected in vectors with a potential cross resistance to pyrethroids through Knock-down and metabolic resistance mechanisms.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0833-2
PubMed: 25886599
PubMed Central: 4395909
Affiliations:
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(CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" sort="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" uniqKey="Agbanrinyoussouf R" first="Ramziath" last="Agbanrinyoussouf">Ramziath Agbanrinyoussouf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 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uniqKey="Tokponnon F" first="Filemon T" last="Tokponnon">Filemon T. Tokponnon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aikpon, Rock" sort="Aikpon, Rock" uniqKey="Aikpon R" first="Rock" last="Aïkpon">Rock Aïkpon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osse, Razaki" sort="Osse, Razaki" uniqKey="Osse R" first="Razaki" last="Ossè">Razaki Ossè</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Université d’Agriculture de Kétou, Kétou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Université d’Agriculture de Kétou, Kétou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kétou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akogbeto, Martin C" sort="Akogbeto, Martin C" uniqKey="Akogbeto M" first="Martin C" last="Akogbeto">Martin C. 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Agossa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Badirou, Kefilath" sort="Badirou, Kefilath" uniqKey="Badirou K" first="Kefilath" last="Badirou">Kefilath Badirou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Govoetchan, Renaud" sort="Govoetchan, Renaud" uniqKey="Govoetchan R" first="Renaud" last="Govoetchan">Renaud Govoetchan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anagonou, Rodrigue" sort="Anagonou, Rodrigue" uniqKey="Anagonou R" first="Rodrigue" last="Anagonou">Rodrigue Anagonou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oke Agbo, Frederic" sort="Oke Agbo, Frederic" uniqKey="Oke Agbo F" first="Fredéric" last="Oke-Agbo">Fredéric Oke-Agbo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azondekon, Roseric" sort="Azondekon, Roseric" uniqKey="Azondekon R" first="Roseric" last="Azondekon">Roseric Azondekon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" sort="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" uniqKey="Agbanrinyoussouf R" first="Ramziath" last="Agbanrinyoussouf">Ramziath Agbanrinyoussouf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attolou, Roseline" sort="Attolou, Roseline" uniqKey="Attolou R" first="Roseline" last="Attolou">Roseline Attolou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tokponnon, Filemon T" sort="Tokponnon, Filemon T" uniqKey="Tokponnon F" first="Filemon T" last="Tokponnon">Filemon T. Tokponnon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aikpon, Rock" sort="Aikpon, Rock" uniqKey="Aikpon R" first="Rock" last="Aïkpon">Rock Aïkpon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osse, Razaki" sort="Osse, Razaki" uniqKey="Osse R" first="Razaki" last="Ossè">Razaki Ossè</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Université d’Agriculture de Kétou, Kétou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Université d’Agriculture de Kétou, Kétou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kétou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akogbeto, Martin C" sort="Akogbeto, Martin C" uniqKey="Akogbeto M" first="Martin C" last="Akogbeto">Martin C. Akogbeto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Abomey-Calavi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Parasites & Vectors</title><idno type="eISSN">1756-3305</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Insecticides are widely used to control malaria vectors and have significantly contributed to the reduction of malaria-caused mortality. In addition, the same classes of insecticides were widely introduced and used in agriculture in Benin since 1980s. These factors probably contributed to the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations reported in several localities in Benin. This insecticide resistance represents a threat to vector control tool and should be monitored. The present study reveals observed insecticide resistance trends in Benin to help for a better management of insecticide resistance.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Mosquito larvae were collected in eight sites and reared in laboratory. Bioassays were conducted on the adult mosquitoes upon the four types of insecticide currently used in public health in Benin. Knock-down resistance, insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 resistance, and metabolic resistance analysis were performed in the mosquito populations based on molecular and biochemical analysis. The data were mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) with Arcgis software.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Mortalities observed with Deltamethrin (pyrethroid class) were less than 90% in 5 locations, between 90-97% in 2 locations, and over 98% in one location. Bendiocarb (carbamate class) showed mortalities ranged 90-97% in 2 locations and were over 98% in the others locations. A complete susceptibility to Pirimiphos methyl and Fenitrothion (organophosphate class) was observed in all locations with 98-100% mortalities. Knock-down resistance frequencies were high (0.78-0.96) and similar between <italic>Anopheles coluzzii</italic>, <italic>Anopheles gambiae</italic>, <italic>Anopheles arabiensis,</italic> and <italic>Anopheles melas</italic>. Insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 was rare (0.002-0.1) and only detected in <italic>Anopheles gambiae</italic> in concomitance with Knock-down resistance mutation. The maps showed a large distribution of Deltamethrin resistance, Knock-down mutation and metabolic resistance throughout the country, a suspected resistance to Bendiocarb and detection of insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 from northern Benin, and a wide distribution of susceptible vectors to Pirimiphos methyl and Fenitrothion.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>This study showed a widespread resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroid previously located in southern Benin, an early emergence of carbamates resistance from northern Benin and a full susceptibility to organophosphates. 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uniqKey="Hawkes N">NJ Hawkes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cosmidis, N" uniqKey="Cosmidis N">N Cosmidis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loukas, M" uniqKey="Loukas M">M Loukas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hemingway, J" uniqKey="Hemingway J">J Hemingway</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walker, K" uniqKey="Walker K">K Walker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berticat, C" uniqKey="Berticat C">C Berticat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boquien, G" uniqKey="Boquien G">G Boquien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raymond, M" uniqKey="Raymond M">M Raymond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chevillon, C" uniqKey="Chevillon C">C Chevillon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Bénin</li></country></list><tree><country name="Bénin"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gnanguenon, Virgile" sort="Gnanguenon, Virgile" uniqKey="Gnanguenon V" first="Virgile" last="Gnanguenon">Virgile Gnanguenon</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" sort="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" uniqKey="Agbanrinyoussouf R" first="Ramziath" last="Agbanrinyoussouf">Ramziath Agbanrinyoussouf</name><name sortKey="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" sort="Agbanrinyoussouf, Ramziath" uniqKey="Agbanrinyoussouf R" first="Ramziath" last="Agbanrinyoussouf">Ramziath Agbanrinyoussouf</name><name sortKey="Agossa, Fiacre R" sort="Agossa, Fiacre R" uniqKey="Agossa F" first="Fiacre R" last="Agossa">Fiacre R. Agossa</name><name sortKey="Agossa, Fiacre R" sort="Agossa, Fiacre R" uniqKey="Agossa F" first="Fiacre R" last="Agossa">Fiacre R. Agossa</name><name sortKey="Aikpon, Rock" sort="Aikpon, Rock" uniqKey="Aikpon R" first="Rock" last="Aïkpon">Rock Aïkpon</name><name sortKey="Aikpon, Rock" sort="Aikpon, Rock" uniqKey="Aikpon R" first="Rock" last="Aïkpon">Rock Aïkpon</name><name sortKey="Akogbeto, Martin C" sort="Akogbeto, Martin C" uniqKey="Akogbeto M" first="Martin C" last="Akogbeto">Martin C. Akogbeto</name><name sortKey="Akogbeto, Martin C" sort="Akogbeto, Martin C" uniqKey="Akogbeto M" first="Martin C" last="Akogbeto">Martin C. Akogbeto</name><name sortKey="Anagonou, Rodrigue" sort="Anagonou, Rodrigue" uniqKey="Anagonou R" first="Rodrigue" last="Anagonou">Rodrigue Anagonou</name><name sortKey="Anagonou, Rodrigue" sort="Anagonou, Rodrigue" uniqKey="Anagonou R" first="Rodrigue" last="Anagonou">Rodrigue Anagonou</name><name sortKey="Attolou, Roseline" sort="Attolou, Roseline" uniqKey="Attolou R" first="Roseline" last="Attolou">Roseline Attolou</name><name sortKey="Attolou, Roseline" sort="Attolou, Roseline" uniqKey="Attolou R" first="Roseline" last="Attolou">Roseline Attolou</name><name sortKey="Azondekon, Roseric" sort="Azondekon, Roseric" uniqKey="Azondekon R" first="Roseric" last="Azondekon">Roseric Azondekon</name><name sortKey="Badirou, Kefilath" sort="Badirou, Kefilath" uniqKey="Badirou K" first="Kefilath" last="Badirou">Kefilath Badirou</name><name sortKey="Badirou, Kefilath" sort="Badirou, Kefilath" uniqKey="Badirou K" first="Kefilath" last="Badirou">Kefilath Badirou</name><name sortKey="Gnanguenon, Virgile" sort="Gnanguenon, Virgile" uniqKey="Gnanguenon V" first="Virgile" last="Gnanguenon">Virgile Gnanguenon</name><name sortKey="Govoetchan, Renaud" sort="Govoetchan, Renaud" uniqKey="Govoetchan R" first="Renaud" last="Govoetchan">Renaud Govoetchan</name><name sortKey="Govoetchan, Renaud" sort="Govoetchan, Renaud" uniqKey="Govoetchan R" first="Renaud" last="Govoetchan">Renaud Govoetchan</name><name sortKey="Oke Agbo, Frederic" sort="Oke Agbo, Frederic" uniqKey="Oke Agbo F" first="Fredéric" last="Oke-Agbo">Fredéric Oke-Agbo</name><name sortKey="Osse, Razaki" sort="Osse, Razaki" uniqKey="Osse R" first="Razaki" last="Ossè">Razaki Ossè</name><name sortKey="Osse, Razaki" sort="Osse, Razaki" uniqKey="Osse R" first="Razaki" last="Ossè">Razaki Ossè</name><name sortKey="Tokponnon, Filemon T" sort="Tokponnon, Filemon T" uniqKey="Tokponnon F" first="Filemon T" last="Tokponnon">Filemon T. Tokponnon</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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